{"id":198,"date":"2011-03-03T18:26:53","date_gmt":"2011-03-04T02:26:53","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/h-tech.ca\/?p=198"},"modified":"2014-04-19T05:25:15","modified_gmt":"2014-04-19T12:25:15","slug":"buzz-words-in-the-upstream-march-1998","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/h-tech.ca\/?p=198","title":{"rendered":"Buzz Words in the Upstream – March 1998"},"content":{"rendered":"
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The upstream side of the oil and gas industry has witnessed unprecedented technical advancement over the last 10 to 15 years.\u00a0 As an example, the horizontal, extended reach, and underbalanced drilling capabilities existing today were simply unheard of in the early \u201980s.\u00a0 These technologies have, at times, demonstrated tremendous benefit, and these terms are amongst the key \u201cbuzz\u201d words in modern exploitation terminology.\u00a0 However, there have been many economic failures where these technologies have been inappropriately, or inadequately applied.\u00a0 The author has been exposed to numerous and varied horizontal well applications globally over the last 15 years.\u00a0 Extensive post-audit of this field experience has revealed that there exist some general failure reasons which are continuously repeated.\u00a0 A few of these universal failure themes may be\u00a0 identified, and thus avoided, by examining the myths & misconceptions surrounding the more popular buzz words.<\/p>\n

When walking through the hallways of technical events (forums, conferences, schools, etc.), one can hear key words repeated from group to group.\u00a0 Based upon the\u00a0 frequency of use over the last decade, it must be accepted that horizontal wells have had the single most important impact on the way we exploit our reserves.<\/p>\n

The curve presented in Figure 1 demonstrates the dramatic \u201cvalue-added\u201d capability of a properly conceived, designed, and implemented horizontal well re-completion program.\u00a0 This Mid-West U.S. vertical well water-flood was at the end of its economic life.\u00a0 The field represented a significant liability of well abandonment and reclamation.\u00a0 The reverse of decline and delivery of incremental reserves resultant from the horizontal well re-completion program has salvaged the asset and generated significant additional cash-flow (Ref. #1).\u00a0 Does this experience imply that all mature fields have a chance for a second life cycle?\u00a0 What is the true success rate of horizontal technology applications?<\/p>\n

A recent article (Ref. #2) on the success rate of horizontal wells indicated that overall technical success was reported (via survey of operators in the U.S.) at 95%.\u00a0 Yet the corresponding economic success of the same activity was only 54%.\u00a0 It would appear that nearly half of these technical successes were unprofitable.\u00a0 In order to investigate the cause of this range of economic results, we first must agree on what horizontal well technology encompasses.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

HORIZONTAL WELL<\/span><\/strong> \u2014\u00a0 When asked, most oil field professionals will suggest that a horizontal well is defined via some reference to hole inclination similar to the formal definition offered by the API (Ref #3).\u00a0 This is the common response to the query, and reflects the prevailing attitude of the industry in general.\u00a0 That is, \u201ca horizontal well is a more advanced method of directional drilling<\/strong>\u201d.\u00a0\u00a0 This represents a serious, yet common, misconception.\u00a0 When less experienced operators\u00a0 first consider\u00a0 horizontal wells , the first issue they typically think about is the drilling function (i.e., \u201chow\u201d are we going to do this.)<\/p>\n

Historically, the drilling function has been treated as a service, or \u201cmeans to an end\u201d.\u00a0 When asked to define their basic function, the Drilling Managers would say they were paid to drill vertical development wells safely and cheaply.\u00a0 If the well reached prognosed TD within budget, the drilling operation had achieved the goal, a technical success. It was not a drilling function failure if the reservoir was not there, or of uneconomic inflow capability.<\/p>\n

In horizontal technology application, the drilling function is dramatically\u00a0 expanded.\u00a0 How the well is drilled, the curve definition, well shape, direction, geo-steering turn limits, completion type, etc., all have substantial, if not dominant impact on both the initial productivity of the well, and all long term strategic options for the well.\u00a0 Failure to recognize this subtle, yet critical difference in drilling function is a common\u00a0 mode of failure.\u00a0 Applying horizontal wells is not simply an altered drilling process, it is a fundamental change in exploitation methodology.<\/p>\n

An alternate definition has emerged which may be expressed as a horizontal well is an enhanced oil recovery (EOR) process<\/strong>.\u00a0 This definition is more appropriate since it relates to the exploitation benefit potential of horizontal wells.\u00a0 How is it that the type (or shape) of a well can define the production process?\u00a0 In basic terms, a horizontal pipe-line shape has two inherent advantages over the point-source penetration of a vertical well:<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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1st<\/sup> Dramatically increased and optimally oriented access to the \u201csweet-spots\u201d of the reservoir.<\/p>\n

2nd<\/sup> More efficient immediate, and long-term use of the reservoir, and\/or injection pressure distribution within the reservoir\/well system.<\/p>\n

These benefits will apply (to some degree) to all reservoirs.\u00a0 The key is \u2014 will the site-specific reservoir setting gain sufficient benefit to justify the increased cost, technical challenge, etc.\u00a0 This will commonly lead the uninitiated operator to ask \u201cwhere\u201d should we apply this technology.\u00a0 But this approach also has pitfalls.\u00a0 The response of less aggressive operators when challenged on their utilization of this technology is typified by, \u201cWe are drilling 100 vertical development wells this year, but have not yet found an appropriate application for horizontal technology<\/strong>\u201d. They may believe this EOR process is only applicable to specific resource types (e.g., fractured carbonates similar to the Austin Chalk).\u00a0 In failing to define the perfect application, the user\u00a0 is reluctant to test the potential benefits that horizontal well geometry offers.<\/p>\n

For this reason we recommend not asking where, or why, to drill a horizontal well, but inversely ask \u201cWhy not?\u201d.\u00a0 Just because one can realize an acceptable ROR with conventional vertical well development is not, singularly, a proper excuse to disregard the potential of\u00a0 horizontal wells.\u00a0 In fact, the more sophisticated operators now apply (either consciously, or not) an approach summarized as: We will not commit to drilling a vertical development well until we have site-specifically evaluated the potential of a horizontal well<\/strong>.\u00a0 To perform such a test, one must apply a site-specific analysis.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

SITE-SPECIFIC<\/span><\/strong> \u2014\u00a0 There are many general statements offered concerning the cost and benefits of horizontal wells, such as, a horizontal well should cost 2-3 times a vertical well and produce 3-4 times the rate of a vertical well.\u00a0 Ref. #2 offers average production and cost ratios of horizontal wells in the U.S. (compared to vertical wells in the field).\u00a0 The average cost ratio is 2, the average production ratio 3.2. The average increase of reserves derived from these horizontal well applications is quoted at 8.7%.<\/p>\n

There are few development scenarios where a 3-fold increase in production or an 8% increase in reserves would not be an extremely attractive goal.\u00a0 But these are averages of many varied applications, reservoir settings, well designs, etc.\u00a0\u00a0 Applying these averages to what appears to be an analogous application may lead to unrealistic expectations.\u00a0 A common occurrence is that the less experienced operator drills the first horizontal well at greater than expected costs, with less than expected production.\u00a0 This outcome invariably leaves management with\u00a0 a bitter taste for the\u00a0 technology in general, even though the well may have been a technical success.\u00a0 This result is related to lack of appreciation for the site-specific nature of horizontal well applications.<\/p>\n

Consider the typical view of a planned horizontal well provided in Figure 2. This image reflects many misconceptions.\u00a0 No reservoirs are completely homogenous.\u00a0 The major surprise to all earth scientists when applying their first horizontal well in a field, is the degree of lateral variation observed\u00a0 within the reservoir.\u00a0 Horizontal well geometry offers a new dimension in accessing and evaluating this lateral variation when compared to the point-source penetration of a vertical well.\u00a0 Another image that misleads is the smooth flat shape of the planned well.\u00a0 It is impossible to drill a perfectly flat well, even if desired.\u00a0 In fact, the ability to shape the well within the reservoir is critical in respect to sweet-spot access,\u00a0 injection\/production response, workover, EOR potential, etc.<\/p>\n

The image of flat lying fluid contacts and equally distributed reservoir pressure can also be disastrously misleading, particularly in fields where withdrawal and\/or injection has occurred. This typical image is full of myths.\u00a0 Every field, and perhaps each well is unique.\u00a0 There is no standard reservoir\/application type, no common well design, no universally applied completion, workover, or production strategy.\u00a0 To rely on analogous comparison and simply apply a standard well design is to seek less than optimal, if not disastrous results.<\/p>\n

It is now\u00a0 accepted that horizontal wells must be customized <\/strong>and designed \u201cbackwards<\/strong>\u201d.\u00a0 That is, think of the long-term requirements\/objectives of the well first.\u00a0 These will define the site-specific workover, stimulation, and completion requirements.\u00a0 Which in turn will reveal the optimum customized well design and corresponding drilling program.\u00a0 This process appears backwards from a historic vertical well methodology, and opposite in sequence to actual field activities.\u00a0 These issues (\u201cwhere<\/strong>\u201d-earth sciences, \u201cwhy<\/strong>\u201d-reservoir engineering, and \u201cwhat<\/strong>\u201d-production engineering\/reservoir management) must be addressed prior to, and in conjunction with the \u201chow<\/strong>\u201d, or field operations issues.<\/p>\n

This site-specific customization requires a multi-disciplined team, following an iterative process of screening, prioritization, design, implementation, and review.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

MULTI-DISCIPLINED<\/span><\/strong> \u2014 This popular term appears self explanatory. But it is important to appreciate the difference\u00a0 implied\u00a0 in this approach compared to the typical manner of exploitation with vertical development wells. Figure 3 illustrates the key differences between these two methodologies.<\/p>\n

Vertical well development is generally\u00a0 performed in an assembly-line<\/strong> like\u00a0 fashion, with responsibility for each progressive\u00a0 facet being performed by the next department down the line.\u00a0 Perhaps a geologist (earth scientist) would define the optimum location for the next development drainage point (where<\/strong>).\u00a0 Then reservoir engineers would evaluate PI\u2019s, recovery, ROR, etc., to prove economic viability, leading to an AFE approval (why<\/strong>).\u00a0 A drilling (operations) department would generate a well program, organize services and drill the well (how<\/strong>).\u00a0 A completions groups would complete, stimulate, etc., and the well finally would be\u00a0 passed over to the production department (what<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

This assembly-line approach may have been adequate for vertical well development, but is a proven receipt for disaster in horizontal well applications.\u00a0 Countless documented field cases highlight the need for a multi-disciplined iterative<\/strong> approach, where all issues (where, why, what, and how) are considered, and the long-term requirements of the well are clearly defined.\u00a0 The objectives of this process, illustrated on the right side of Figure # 3, is not to drill a well to prognosed TD within budget, but it seeks to define the best well type for a specific reservoir setting.\u00a0 Indeed, horizontal wells do not work everywhere, thus we are attempting to define the most efficient exploitation method for the particular asset.\u00a0 Success is not judged by how much well length is achieved, or at what cost, but rather what is the highest net present value per acre generated by competing well designs.\u00a0 Figure #4 illustrates this economic comparison of well type for a specific reservoir, where a vertical well with fracture stimulation is a better strategic choice than a horizontal well.\u00a0 The final step in this process is a post-audit which defines refinements to well design to be applied to the next well, and thus the process begins again.\u00a0 This effort is not simply a choice of drilling parameters, but a balancing act of many wants and needs within a team.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

TEAM<\/span><\/strong> \u2014\u00a0 The upstream side of our industry has gone through significant structural change over the last decade.\u00a0 Rather than departments of specific disciplines (e.g., Geology Department, Reservoir Department) we now have multi-disciplined asset teams, business units, or whatever term is applied.\u00a0 This organizational change looks good, particularly when horizontal technology is being considered.\u00a0 However, it is easy to \u201csay\u201d team, but much more difficult to effectively apply a team approach.\u00a0 One predominant difficulty is the lack of understanding of the inter-related effects of one team-member\u2019s needs on another\u2019s.<\/p>\n

For optimum results, each member must have a basic appreciation of the requirements, capabilities, and limitations of all other disciplines represented, and technologies employed, by the team.\u00a0 They must be able to understand and balance competing requirements. They should\u00a0 be capable of distinguishing between general wants and critical needs.<\/p>\n

There are many field examples of how a dysfunctional team has resulted in disaster in a horizontal well.\u00a0 Figure 5 depicts the actual horizontal well, offshore South East Asia, shown as a planned well in Figure 2.\u00a0 The design included a pilot hole to prove the existence\/location of the target zone and evaluate its quality.\u00a0 In this manner, pilot holes are a very popular \u201cgeo-steering\u201d method.\u00a0 After confirming where a viable target existed, the more expensive and operationally challenging step of drilling and casing the curve at 90\u00b0\u00b1 hole inclination (landing) in the target was accomplished.<\/p>\n

Once drilling out the casing shoe and 30 ft of quality pay, the well encountered unproductive shale, in what was assumed to be a relatively flat-lying homogeneous target.\u00a0 The Drilling Supervisor asks the Well-Site Geologist, \u201cWhere do we go now?\u00a0 Up, down, left?\u00a0 Or do we stop?\u201d\u00a0 This is offshore, at a day rate of $250,000.\u00a0 There is no time to reprocess the seismic, or re-interpret the offset well logs.\u00a0 The Well-Site Geologist must answer the question now.\u00a0 This common situation highlights the expanded\u00a0 role of the Geologist, in fact, all Earth Scientists, in respect to horizontal well applications.<\/p>\n

Historically, in vertical development wells, a Well-Site Geologist\u2019s role was to evaluate what was drilled.\u00a0 Similarly, logs and other evaluation technologies were employed to answer this\u00a0 after-the-fact question.\u00a0 In horizontal well applications, the Earth Scientists must define the direction and customized shape of the well prior to, and, as it is being drilled.<\/strong> To not employ site-specific geo-steering practices is to invite a technical success.\u00a0 But it gets worse.<\/p>\n

If the Geologist does not fully appreciate the capabilities and limitations of the directional drilling function, and\/or if the long-term implications of well trajectory limits on completion, workover, stimulation requirements, etc., are not fully appreciated, then serious trouble can arise.\u00a0 You may end up with a well placed in the target sweet-spot, but unable to install the proper completion.\u00a0 This may sound extreme, but has happened in many applications around the world.\u00a0 This simple example highlights why it is not only critical that all disciplines are involved in the team, but how their functions are\u00a0 expanded\u00a0 in horizontal well applications, and how they may have novel and significant inter-discipline cause\/effect relationships.<\/p>\n

The multi-disciplined team requirement is common sense, and on the surface appears simple to apply.\u00a0 While it is very easy to say \u201cteam\u201d, it is much more demanding to put into effect.\u00a0 Often a multi-disciplined team is employed to screen the application and formulate the well design, then the project is passed over to an operations group to implement.\u00a0 This can lead to trouble.\u00a0 In our right-sized environment, the operations group tend to be over-worked, and often are running on auto-pilot.\u00a0 They have been given a program and their job is to get the well drilled.\u00a0 But, by nature, horizontal wells are full of surprises. Alterations of the plan must be made \u201con the fly\u201d.\u00a0 Often the operations group are not made aware of the potential for surprises in geology, structure, etc.\u00a0 They may not be fully versed on the long-term impact on workover, EOR requirements, etc., resultant of the \u201con-the-fly\u201d changes in well design generated by these surprises.\u00a0 At the end of the day, there is no time to do a post-analysis or technical audit; thus the site-specific learning-curve benefit is not fully realized.<\/p>\n

In the ideal world, the same multidisciplined team which screened and conceived the well plan should implement field activities and post-audit the well.\u00a0 This would\u00a0 help ensure that only appropriate changes are made on-the-fly, and the multiwell learning curve is utilized to develop that critical site-specific expertise.\u00a0 Another very simple error is to have one program for drilling and a separate program for completion\/production.\u00a0 This can lead to some very embarrassing, if not ridiculously simple omissions, or mistakes.\u00a0 Often a \u201cdrilling hand\u201d is not included as part of the Asset Team.\u00a0 A reality of our lean and mean times, but a clear weakness where Earth Scientists, Production Disciplines, etc., are setting drilling requirements which may, or may not, be doable, practical, or economically viable.<\/p>\n

After countless technical audits of horizontal well applications globally, we can define some simple steps which can help promote an effective team function:<\/p>\n

1st<\/sup> Provide all team members with basic cross-functional training on multi-disciplined horizontal well technology.<\/p>\n

2nd<\/sup> Conduct a detailed pre-spud meeting with all disciplines and key service suppliers to confirm and sign-off on basic objectives, contingencies, logistics, operational authority, field operations documentation, etc.<\/p>\n

3rd<\/sup> Generate a critical post-well review that defines problems\/surprise encountered, lessons learned, and appropriate modifications, additions, etc., for the next well in the field (i.e., capture the site-specific expertise).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

GEO-STEERING<\/span><\/strong> \u2014\u00a0 This buzz-word has tremendous play in our technical media.\u00a0 It is one of the most misrepresented issues.\u00a0 Some of the major directional\/drilling and logging service suppliers have dubbed their products as\u00a0 \u201cgeo-steering systems\u201d.\u00a0 This suggests that in order to geo-steer, one must<\/strong> employ these\u00a0 expensive and sophisticated measurement while drilling (MWD) systems.\u00a0 In fact, there is legal action in progress concerning a patent on the concept of geo-steering, in respect to employing MWD sensors to dictate the direction of the well while drilling.<\/p>\n

Basically, geo-steering refers to defining, generating, and monitoring a wellpath based on geology rather than geometry.\u00a0 A globally observed major surprise to all operators is the degree of lateral stratigraphic and structure variation observed via horizontal wells.\u00a0 Thus, one should not define, or implement a well design based solely on prognosed TVD, offset well control, and geometry.\u00a0 These data are used to generate a \u201cplanned\u201d well profile, but the actual wellpath must be altered as the variation in the reservoir is observed during drilling. This process defines geologic steering as opposed to geometric steering.\u00a0 Employing various MWD sensors is one potential method of geo-steering, but not the only, or necessarily the best method.\u00a0 Pilot holes, rate of penetration, bio-steering, gas analysis, cuttings analysis, inflow monitoring, etc., are all examples of viable geo-steering practices.\u00a0 Any site-specific observation which can be made prior to, or while drilling the well to fine-tune, alter, or confirm the optimal well path should be considered as a potential geo-steering technique. <\/strong><\/p>\n

Another major misconception is that geo-steering is to be employed in the horizontal section, this could not be further from the truth.\u00a0 Before one geo-steers in the target, one must first find the target.\u00a0 Many wells have failed because of assumptions or over-confidence of the TVD of the target, structure, fluid contacts, etc.\u00a0 In many cases the operator could not find the target, or had to dramatically alter the initial curve design to land in the target.\u00a0 Thus geo-steering must be initiated prior to the horizontal section.\u00a0 In essence, you are looking to land the well in a moving geologic target, and you can never be 100% sure of exactly where\/what it is, until you find it.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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The optimum geo-steering methods to use on any given horizontal well are defined by:<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 the site-specifics of geology, structure, reservoir, and drilling parameters;<\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 the latitude in well trajectory limits relative to all the long-term requirements of the well;<\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 the capability, availability, cost, and technical risk of employing various methods in specific sections of the well.\u00a0 The issue of cost does not refer only to the day-rates incurred, but also the economic risk involved.\u00a0 One recent example revealed an operator\u2019s loss of two complete geo-steering directional drilling systems in a problem curve.\u00a0 The lost-tool replacement bill was in excess of $1.5 million;<\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 site-specific expertise \u2014 it is highly unlikely the first well in a field will encounter 100% sweet-spot along the horizontal interval. However, with multiwell field experience, site-specific geo-steering contingencies\u00a0 can be defined to dramatically improve the quality, and dramatically reduce the cost\/complexity of geo-steering requirements.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Many economic failures, or less than optimal technical successes, have occurred when inappropriately, or inadequately applying horizontal wells. Numerous \u201cbuzz\u201d words and \u201cgeneral statements\u201d can be misleading and may evoke unrealistic expectations.<\/p>\n

Horizontal wells<\/strong> do not simply represent an advanced drilling technology, but rather an important\u00a0 exploitation process.\u00a0 They do not work everywhere, there is no standard, or typical application, or well design.\u00a0 To be optimal, horizontal applications must be screened, designed, and implemented backwards<\/strong> by a multi-disciplined <\/strong>team dealing with site-specific<\/strong> issues and developing site-specific expertise.\u00a0 Teams<\/strong> are easy to assemble, but require basic cross-training to properly function.\u00a0 A dysfunctional team is a common failure reason in horizontal well applications.\u00a0 Geo-steering<\/strong> is not the use of MWD geophysical sensors to tract the horizontal well, but a critical selection from many potential site-specific observations, to design and guide a specific wellpath into and within a moving geologic target.<\/p>\n

An attempt is made to define and illustrate examples of misleading or misunderstood buzz words popular within modern upstream technology.\u00a0 Others include: underbalanced drilling, CT drilling, multibranch wells, negative skins, open-hole completions, etc.\u00a0 One should have a detailed understanding of the capabilities and limitations inherent in the technologies described, or the issues referred to, by these general terms.\u00a0 To apply these technologies without such appreciation may represent a danger to your economic health.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

About the author:<\/span><\/strong> R.G. (Bob) Knoll is President of H-Tech. in Calgary, and the Canadian representative for Maurer Engineering Inc. (MEI) \u2014 the managing group for numerous Drilling Engineering Association (DEA) joint industry projects.\u00a0 Bob\u2019s 25-yr. career is uniquely diverse.\u00a0 A graduate Geologist from Nova Scotia, he started off as a Maintenance Roustabout on first generation semi-submersibles operating offshore Canada.\u00a0 After working up the drilling contractor side of the industry\u00a0 to a Tool-pusher level on offshore drilling projects globally, Bob moved over to the operator side as a Drilling Engineer for Dome Petroleum in the high Arctic.\u00a0 Another series of global postings and advancement to OIM level led to a Senior Drilling and Completions Specialist position for Husky Oil in Calgary, studying emerging horizontal well technology.<\/p>\n

Revision 2\/Title Changed \u2014 March 23, 1998<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The upstream side of the oil and gas industry has witnessed unprecedented technical advancement over the last 10 to 15 years.\u00a0 As an example, the horizontal, extended reach, and underbalanced drilling capabilities existing today were simply unheard of in the … Continue reading →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[1],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/h-tech.ca\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/198"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/h-tech.ca\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/h-tech.ca\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/h-tech.ca\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/h-tech.ca\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=198"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/h-tech.ca\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/198\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":439,"href":"https:\/\/h-tech.ca\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/198\/revisions\/439"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/h-tech.ca\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=198"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/h-tech.ca\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=198"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/h-tech.ca\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=198"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}